May 14, 2024  
2015-2017 Undergraduate Catalog 
    
2015-2017 Undergraduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Courses


 

Anthropology

  
  • ANTH 4100 - Indians of the Southwest United States (3)


    (Formerly ANTH 410). Survey of Southwestern Indian cultures with emphasis on Pueblo society. Course examines the lifeways of Southwestern Indians before and after European contact. Prerequisite(s): admission to upper level and ANTH 2300  or consent of instructor.
  
  • ANTH 4550 - Indians of the Southeast United States (3)


    (Formerly ANTH 455). Survey of Southeastern Indian cultures, with emphasis on aboriginal adjustment to environment and lifeways of Southeastern Americans prior to Euro-American contact. Prerequisite(s): admission to upper level and ANTH 2300  or permission of instructor.

Architectural Engineering

  
  • AREN 1111 - Architectural Graphics (2)


    This course represents the first studio design course. Graphic techniques for preliminary presentation of architectural design problems. Emphasis is on the proper representation of the design components, structural systems, materials and other features. Prerequisite(s): ENGR 1151 .
  
  • AREN 2300 - Building Materials and Construction (3)


    A study of the materials and construction methods used in the building construction industry. Codes, standards, and guidelines that regulate the manufacture, use as a building component, and installation requirements are included. The course covers the use of sustainable and energy conserving products in the construction of building systems. Sophomore, Autocad and Revit competency.
  
  • AREN 2310 - Architectural History (3)


    A survey of architectural styles of the past to the present time. A comparative methodology is applied. Emphasis includes the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, technological, social and political factors. Humanities Elective (Gen. Education)
  
  • AREN 3011 - Architectural Design I (3)


    Principles of design and systematic approach to problem solving of architectural design. Emphasis is on building form, spatial relationships, constructability, building location, orientation, and site relationships. Service learning and community based projects are promoted. Prerequisite(s): AREN 1111 .
  
  • AREN 3021 - Architectural Design II (3)


    Emphasis on graphical layout and design of engineering components of buildings. Structural, electrical, and mechanical systems are coordinated for general building systems. Architectural composition is coordinated with engineering systems for a holistic approach to building design. Prerequisite(s): AREN 3011 .
  
  • AREN 3410 - Structural Analysis (3)


    Reactions, shear forces and moments in determinate structures from gravity and lateral loads, influence lines, moving loads, deflection of beams, trusses and frames, introduction to matrix methods of structural analysis. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3120 .
  
  • AREN 3420 - Reinforced Concrete Design (3)


    Behavior and design of rectangular beams and T-sections and one way slabs for bending, shear and deflection. Topics also include design of columns for axial forces and bending moments, shear and development of reinforcement, and introduction to footing design. Prerequisite(s): AREN 3410 .
  
  • AREN 3440 - Steel Design (3)


    The analysis and design of structural steel elements and connections by LRFD Method, including tension members, compression members, beams and columns subjected to axial forces and bending moments. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3410 .
  
  • AREN 3450 - Soils and Foundation Engineering 3(3, 0)


    Introduction to basic soil properties, soil classification, volumetric relationships, compaction, consolidation, shear strength, bearing capacity, stress distribution, settlement analysis and applications of loadings to foundations and retaining structures. Application of principles of soil mechanics to: determination of bearing capacity and settlement of spread footings, mats, single piles and pile groups. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3120 .
  
  • AREN 3460 - Wood and Masonry Design (3)


    The design of wood and masonry structural members and systems using LRFD Method. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3120 .
  
  • AREN 3570 - Steel and Reinforced Concrete Design (3)


    Introduction to the design of structural steel and reinforced concrete members and systems. Behavior and design of beams, slabs, columns, tension member, and footings. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3410 .
  
  • AREN 3580 - Advanced Steel and Reinforced Concrete Design (3)


    Design of structural steel and reinforced concrete members and systems American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) specifications for both lateral and gravity loads. Prerequisite(s): AREN 3420 .
  
  • AREN 4420 - Building Engineering Systems (3)


    The course of study is of building water supply and drainage systems; fire safety, security, and acoustics. Prerequisite(s): CVEN 3120  and CVEN 3100 .
  
  • AREN 4430 - Lighting and Power Systems for Facilities 3(3, 0)


    The study of principles and practices of electrical circuits and related building components intricate to the design and function of buildings and their systems. This incorporates practical application and use of Electrical Codes for the design and sizing of power distribution systems, load characteristics, transformers, motors, generators, and control systems for single-and three-phase systems. Prerequisite(s): ENGR 2000  and ENGR 2001 .
  
  • AREN 4440 - Foundation Engineering (3)


    Subsurface exploration, retaining walls, shallow foundations, bearing capacity of soils, spread and combined footings, raft foundations, deep foundations, piles, caissons and piers. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing and consent of instructor.
  
  • AREN 4450 - Energy Conservation in Buildings 3(3,0)


    A course devoted to understanding energy use patterns for commercial, educational, medical, and industrial buildings. Various utility rate structures and the relevant LEED and USGBD standards are explored. Energy auditing techniques along with the effect of operation and maintenance on building energy use are studied. Design projects are required. Prerequisite(s): Junior Standing.
  
  • AREN 4470 - Construction Management 3(3, 0)


    Refers to the process of managing a team of design and construction professionals for the purpose of delivering construction and engineering services to a client. This means performing this service so as to deliver the project within budget and schedule constraints, while maintaining the prescribed level of quality and safety defined for the project. This course intends to increase student’s technical knowledge of advanced project management concepts, but also will strive to assist them in taking a proactive leadership role in identifying and improving value in planning, design, construction and post construction stages of a project and/or program. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing and consent of instructor.

Art

  
  • ART 1010 - Art Appreciation (3)


    A course for all students interested in understanding the visual arts in everyday experiences. The course surveys the visual arts, including fundamental and historical distinctions between and connections between global art forms. This course may be used towards satisfying the University’s humanities requirement.
  
  • ART 1011 - Honors Art Appreciation (3)


    Honors section of ART 1010  emphasizing the visual arts for students including fundamentals and distinctions between Art Media and periods. This course includes videos of contemporary African American Artists and other 20th and 21st Century Artists. Art 1011 satisfied the University humanities requirements. Enrollment is limited to members of the University Honors Program.
  
  • ART 1012 - Art History and Appreciation (3)


    A course designed to expand aesthetic awareness and understanding of visual arts, with traditional focus on the history of art and the impact the artist has on society. This course may be used to remove high school deficiency in the visual and performing arts; if it is used for this purpose, it does not yield credit toward the college degree.
  
  • ART 1030 - Freshman Seminar (1)


    Introduction to major disciplines in art and practical aspects of a career in art. Course covers such topics as art as a profession, developing a studio work ethic, safety for studio artist, and selected readings for the Art Core. Required of all art majors.
  
  • ART 1210 - Fundamentals of Drawing I (3)


    An introduction to various tools, techniques, and materials of basic drawing. The course studies perspective and the function of the visual elements of compositions.
  
  • ART 1220 - Figure Drawing II (3)


    An exploration of formal and expressive potentials of the figure, with traditional and experimental approaches to drawing.
  
  • ART 1310 - Design I (3)


    A basic approach to the visual elements and principles of design as they related to two-dimensional problems. Problem stating and problem solving are a vital part of the course with emphasis on design theory, materials and techniques.
  
  • ART 1320 - Design II (3)


    An introduction on how to think outside the flat box utilizing three-dimensional media, design and design principles through creative projects dealing with simple construction techniques, mass, volume, space and variety of media. Applicable to art majors and students interested in design and three-dimensional media.
  
  • ART 2010 - African-American Art I (3)


    A survey of African American visual arts beginning with African roots and influences in the Americas and Caribbean Islands and highlighting the emergence of artists of African descent in the United States.
  
  • ART 2210 - Painting I (3)


    An introduction of the study of color, composition and methodology. Students will learn how to prepare sound paintings, supports of canvas, panel and paper. The study of the versatile applications of oils and acrylics will be explored.
  
  • ART 2310 - Painting II (3)


    This course will offer a combination of technical and conceptual fundamentals of painting. Students will explore spatial organization through observation and abstraction. The student will experiment with problem solving techniques which will advance the individual’s personal artistic statement.
  
  • ART 2410 - Crafts (3)


    An introduction to various media, methods, and techniques of creative art production in two and three-dimensional art making. This course is primarily designed for prospective K-12 art specialists whose desire is to improve their knowledge, skills, and understanding of art production. Clinical and field based experiences which call for active participation by students are part of the course requirements.
  
  • ART 2510 - Lettering and Layout I (3)


    Technique of letter indication, finished lettering, letter design, and typography, usage, and adaptation of lettering skills to practical problems.
  
  • ART 2530 - Illustration I (3)


    The art of illustration as used by the graphic designer/commercial artist. The course includes a study of the history of illustration, methods, tool and techniques.
  
  • ART 3000 - Aesthetics (3)


    Problems in philosophy of art and art criticism; aesthetic experience; truth and art; aesthetic value.
  
  • ART 3010 - Ceramics I (3)


    Emphasis on clay as a creative medium as African masks, cultural masks and various projects are explored through hand-forming techniques, utilizing functional and sculptural forms. Students explore surface decoration, extruded forms, kiln firings, clays, glazes and an introduction to the potter’s wheel.
  
  • ART 3020 - Ceramics II (3)


    Emphasis on the potter’s wheel and wheel throwing techniques for traditional and non-traditional functional forms. Students explore kiln firings, clays and glazes. Hand forming methods may be maximized to express conceptual series.
  
  • ART 3030 - Jewelry and Metalsmithing I (3)


    Introduction to basic techniques, design and concepts of jewelry, Metalsmithing and small sculptural forms. Techniques include African glass bead making, stone setting, soldering, sheet and wire forming. Students buy their own material: i.e., metal, stones, plastic or glass depending on the student’s own design and budget.
  
  • ART 3040 - Jewelry and Metalsmithing II (3)


    Advanced techniques in jewelry, Metalsmithing and small sculptural forms. Techniques include lost wax casting, chasing, repousse African glass beadmaking, bezel setting of stones, fabrication and design. Students buy their own material, i.e., metal, stones, plastic or glass, depending on the student’s own design and budget.
  
  • ART 3060 - Illustration (3)


    Continuation of ART 2530  with a focus on in depth work in any chosen medium including combinations of media.
  
  • ART 3100 - Advanced Drawing and Pictorial Design I (3)


    Advanced composition, stressing figure.
  
  • ART 3110 - Graphic Design (3)


    A problem-solving approach to visual communication, with a special concern for word and image. The course emphasizes the understanding of design, theories, and skills with a focus on the social and cultural dimensions of communication.
  
  • ART 3120 - Production (3)


    Technology and skills necessary for the designer/ artist. Courses include digital technology preparation of finished art suitable for reproduction.
  
  • ART 3130 - Advanced Illustration (3)


    Study of advanced pictorial concepts, methods, and techniques.
  
  • ART 3200 - Advanced Drawing and Pictorial Design II (3)


    Advanced composition, stressing figure.
  
  • ART 3210 - Intermediate Painting (3)


    directions in painting will be discussed. This course will challenge the student’s personal artistic style through the introduction of a variety of new media painting styles.
  
  • ART 3260 - Photography (3)


    The fundamentals of photographic process, including the proper use and maintenance of the digital camera, and related equipment.
  
  • ART 3300 - Watercolor Painting (3)


    Composition in transparent and opaque watercolor.
  
  • ART 3310 - Art History I (3)


    An introductory survey of the development of the visual arts from the Paleolithic period through the Gothic Period.
  
  • ART 3320 - Art History II (3)


    An introductory survey of the development of the visual arts from the late fourteenth century through the contemporary period.
  
  • ART 3410 - Sculpture I (3)


    Study of the figure, modeling, casting and construction with a variety of media including metals in an introduction to sculptural techniques and conceptual ideas. Class includes videos and information about African American 20th and 21st century sculptors.
  
  • ART 3420 - Sculpture II (3)


    Figurative and portrait sculpture projects using the model to express conceptual ideas. Continued development of sculptural techniques and concepts. Students complete several projects and work of the student’s choice.
  
  • ART 3500 - Printmaking I (3)


    An introductory course in the art of printmaking, its history, methods, and techniques, including a comprehensive study of various printmaking processes with an emphasis on the less toxic approach.
  
  • ART 3510 - Printmaking II (3)


    A continuation of Printmaking I with an emphasis on advances techniques, focusing on the definition of imagery as well as exploring non-traditional techniques.
  
  • ART 3520 - Intermediate Printmaking I (3)


    In-depth work in any chosen medium, including combinations of media.
  
  • ART 3600 - Public School Art (3)


    A survey of various education theories and problems encountered on the elementary and secondary levels. Course includes observation and participation in clinical and field-based experiences. Required of all students seeking certification in Art.
  
  • ART 3710 - Art Education Methods (3)


    A course designed to give students experience and methods, materials, and media as they relate to the art program in grades K-12. Clinical and field-based experiences which call for active participation by students are part of the course requirements. Required of all students seeking certification in Art.
  
  • ART 4000 - Individual Problems (3 to 9)


    Prior to enrolling for individual problems, students must have a form signed by the instructor and the Department Chair. Forms are available in the Art Office. Upper-level art majors only. Art students can count no more than 9 hours of Individual Problems toward the major in Art.
  
  • ART 4090 - Ceramics III (3)


    Advanced problems in technical and conceptual areas in clay that relate to the student’s individual approach.
  
  • ART 4120 - Advanced Graphic Design (3)


    A continuation of ART 3110 , with an emphasis on Graphic imagery, topography and layout.
  
  • ART 4150 - Sculpture III (3)


    Students create a series of works intended to advance individual student expression of conceptual idea through sculptural media in consultation with the instructor. Students develop work in one of the following areas: casting, mold making, figurative works, installations, clay, multi-media, wood, glass or metal fabrication.
  
  • ART 4170 - Advanced Photography (3)


    Emphasis on individual approaches to the photographic process.
  
  • ART 4210 - Advanced Painting I (3)


    This is an open studio course which allows the student to identify the strengths and weakness in their paintings. The goal is to produce a self-defined body of work. Each student will create a contract stating the concept, material and amount of work that will be produced by the end of the semester. Student will sue the collective knowledge of the prerequisite courses to exhibit the relationships between form and content and the processes and materials explored.
  
  • ART 4340 - Art History III (3)


    A course dealing with a variety of special topic in the development of the visual arts.
  
  • ART 4400 - Intro/Desktop Publishing (3)


    Adobe CS basics, screen, menus, palettes, and other tools used together to create, modify, close, and open publications.
  
  • ART 4450 - Entrepreneurship in the Arts (3)


    An examination of how arts professions and arts economies operate and evolve, as well as how they interact within the larger economy. Students explore opportunities in smaller economic settings. Major project includes designing and executing an entrepreneurial project. Elective course for Art majors.
  
  • ART 4490 - Portfolio Seminar (1)


    Development of a portfolio, graduate school application, and a personal artistic statement. Students must provide documentation of their work as part of their final grade. Students must earn at least a B in the course to be eligible for the senior review and for graduation. Required of all Art majors in their senior year.
  
  • ART 4500 - Senior Project I (3)


    Project designed to give senior Art majors the opportunity to select and develop creative and written research related to art. The project is done under the supervision of the student’s advisor and the Department Chair. Required of all Art majors. Students must earn at least a B in the course to be eligible for the senior review and for graduation.
  
  • ART 4520 - Advanced Printmaking (3)


    An advanced printmaking course with emphasis on in-depth, individual approaches in various printmaking processes.
  
  • ART 4550 - African-American Art II (3)


    A study of the development of African American visual arts from the twentieth century to the present period.
  
  • ART 4720 - Enhanced Student Teaching in Elementary and Secondary School (9)


    A semester-long experience of supervised practice teaching, appropriately divided between elementary and secondary levels. Required of all students seeking certification in the teaching of Art.

Biology

  
  • BIOL 1010, 1011 - Introductory Biology I and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1010, 1011). An interdisciplinary course for non-science majors involving the principles of mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology. The objective of the course is to integrate the areas as they are related to living organisms. Three hours lecture and two hours laboratory per week.
  
  • BIOL 1012, 1013 - Honors Introductory Biology I and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1012, 1013). Honors version of BIOL 1010, 1011 , BIOL 1020, 1021 . Courses limited to students in University Honors Program.
  
  • BIOL 1020, 1021 - Introductory Biology II and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1020, 1021). An interdisciplinary course for non-science majors involving the principles of mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology. The objective of the course is to integrate the areas as they are related to living organisms. Three hours lecture and two hours laboratory per week.
  
  • BIOL 1022, 1023 - Honors Introductory Biology II and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1022, 1023). Honors version of BIOL 1010, 1011 , BIOL 1020, 1021 . Courses limited to students in University Honors Program.
  
  • BIOL 1110, 1111 - General Biology I and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1110, 1111). A general biology course for science majors that covers structure, function, and life characteristics of organisms. The objective of the course is to provide students a survey of living organisms and the processes required for life.
  
  • BIOL 1112, 1113 - Honors General Biology I and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1032, 1033). Honors version of BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 . Course limited to students in University Honors Program.
  
  • BIOL 1120, 1121 - General Biology II and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1120, 1121). A general biology course for science majors that covers structure, function, and life characteristics of organisms. The objective of the course is to provide students a survey of living organisms and the processes required for life.
  
  • BIOL 1122, 1123 - Honors General Biology II and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 1042, 1043). Honors version of BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 . Course limited to students in University Honors Program.
  
  • BIOL 2110, 2111 - Cell Biology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 211, 211L). Structure and function of cells and their components. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 .
  
  • BIOL 2120, 2121 - Principles of Genetics and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 212, 212L). An introduction to genetics, including classical and modern approaches, the laws of heredity, the role of heredity in developmental physiology, and the relation between heredity and evolution. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 .
  
  • BIOL 2210, 2211 - Human Anatomy and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 221, 221L). The fundamentals of the structure, function, and organization of the organ systems of man. These courses should be taken in sequence.
  
  • BIOL 2220, 2221 - Human Physiology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 222, 222L). The fundamentals of the structure, function, and organization of the organ systems of man. These courses should be taken in sequence.
  
  • BIOL 2400, 2401 - Principles of Microbiology (4)


    Identification, culture, sterilization, and disinfectant procedures employed in studying certain microorganisms. Open to majors in Family and Consumer Sciences, HPER, and Nursing.
  
  • BIOL 3010, 3011 - Earth and Space Science and Laboratory (3)


    (Formerly BIO 301, 301L). An integrated study of earth and space sciences, including a study of the shape, structure, composition, motions, and atmosphere of the earth. Topics include an examination of the effect of weathering and erosion on the lithosphere and concerns for our environment. Consideration will be given to space exploration, including stars, space, and time. Two lecture periods and one two-hour laboratory per week.
  
  • BIOL 3110 - Biometrics (3)


    (Formerly BIO 311). An introduction to the methods of statistics that are of particular interest to biologists for experimental design and interpretation. Prerequisite(s): MATH 1720 , BIOL 2110, 2111 , BIOL 2120, 2121 , or their equivalents.
  
  • BIOL 3200, 3201 - Comparative Physiology (4)


    (Formerly BIO 320, 320L). Introduces the concepts of physiology, including topics from cellular and animal physiology. Prerequisite(s): Successful completion of BIOL 2120, 2121 ; CHEM 211-211L and/or concurrent enrollment in CHEM 212-212L and PHY 212-212L.
  
  • BIOL 3210, 3211 - Mammalian Physiology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 321, 321L). Consideration of the dynamic interactions and integrations of mammalian organ systems. Special emphasis is placed upon recent advances in methodology and new concepts in physiology and contributing sciences. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121  and CHEM 1110, 1111 , CHEM 1120, 1121 , or equivalents.
  
  • BIOL 3240, 3241 - Comparative Anatomy and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly 324, 324L). The comparative anatomy and evolution of the organ system of chordate animals. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 .
  
  
  • BIOL 3320, 3321 - General Botany and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 332, 332L). The anatomy, physiology, and taxonomy of plants. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2110, 2111 , BIOL 2120, 2121 .
  
  • BIOL 3400, 3401 - Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 340, 340L). Salient features in the physiology of microorganisms. Selected examples of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and nitrogen-containing compounds are considered as a basis for further understanding of biologic phenomena. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 3410, 3411  or CHEM 211, 211L concurrently.
  
  • BIOL 3410, 3411 - Principles of General Bacteriology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 341, 341L). The isolation, identification, culture, nutrition, sterilization, and chemotherapeutic procedures employed in studying bacteria. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2110, 2111 , BIOL 2120, 2121 ; CHEM 1110, 1111 , CHEM 1120, 1121 .
  
  • BIOL 3710 - Methods of Teaching Biology (3)


    (Formerly BIO 371). A course designed to explore methods and techniques for teaching biology in the secondary school. It offers opportunities for locating sources of biological materials, supplies, and equipment for the biology laboratory and gives guidance in the selection of books, journals, and other printed materials that support academic programs in secondary school biology. A field component of at least 24 hours of varied clinical experiences, classroom observation, active participation, and other related activities in clinical and/or in school settings is required. Required of all Biology majors seeking secondary certification in Biology. Prerequisite(s): Official admission to the Teacher Education Program.
  
  • BIOL 3920 - Scientific Communication (4)


    (Formerly BIO 392). Course designed to improve written, oral, and quantitative skills necessary to enhance career development in the sciences.
  
  • BIOL 4100 - Special Topics (3)


    (Formerly BIO 410). Student-and faculty-generated course.Scope of subject matter is determined by students and instructor. Prerequisite(s): 12 hours upper-level Biology or permission of instructor. (Elective)
  
  • BIOL 4110, 4111 - Molecular Genetics and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 411, 411L). An introduction to molecular genetics in microorganisms, plants, and animals. Emphasis is placed on biotechnical advances and the methods and techniques used in these systems. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 2110, 2111 , BIOL 2120, 2121 .
  
  • BIOL 4112, 4113 - Bioinformatics (4)


    upon successful completion of this course, student will be able to (1) retrieve specific DNA and protein sequence, (2) identify experimental sequences through GenBank database similarity search, (3) extract functional information for DNA and protein sequences from public database, (4) perform multiple sequences alignment and phylogenetic analysis, (5) describe to a reasonable accuracy the theoretical bases for these operations, (6) write scripts to perform computational functions.
  
  • BIOL 4120, 4121 - Principles of Ecology and Laboratory (4)


    (Formerly BIO 412, 412L). Fundamental ecological principles with special reference to levels of organization, population and community properties, structural adaptation, functional adjustments, and other factors affecting the distribution of organisms. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 1110, 1111 , BIOL 1120, 1121 , BIOL 2120, 2121 , BIOL 4110, 4111 .
  
  • BIOL 4130 - Contemporary Problems in Ecology I (3)


    (Formerly BIO 413). A study of some of the contemporary problems constituting the environmental crisis, the hazards comprising such problems, and the complexity affecting their resolutions. (Elective)
  
  • BIOL 4140 - Contemporary Problems in Ecology II (3)


    (Formerly BIO 414). A study of some of the contemporary problems constituting the environmental crisis, the hazards comprising such problems, and the complexity affecting their resolutions. (Elective)
 

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